THESE THINGS CAN CHANGE
By David Bacon
Dollars and Sense, March/April 2015
Hard camp conditions. Filemon Pineda, his wife Francisca Mendoza, and their children lived in a cabin in the labor camp at Sakuma Farms during the picking season.
In 2013, Rosario Ventura and her husband Isidro Silva
were strikers at Sakuma Brothers Farms in Burlington, Wash. In the course of
three months over 250 workers walked out of the fields several times, as their
anger grew over the wages and the conditions in the labor camp where they
lived.
Every year the company hires 7-800 people to pick
strawberries, blueberries and blackberries.
During World War Two the Sakumas were interned because of their Japanese
ancestry, and would have lost their land, as many Japanese farmers did, had it
not been held in trust for them by another local rancher until the war
ended. Today the business has grown far
beyond its immigrant roots, and is one of the largest berry growers in
Washington, where berries are big business.
It has annual sales of $6.1 million, and big corporate customers like
Haagen Dazs ice cream. It owns a retail
outlet, a freezer and processing plant, and a chain of nurseries in California
that grow rootstock.
By contrast, Sakuma workers have very few resources. Some
are local workers, but over half are migrants from California, like Ventura and
her family. Both the local workers and
the California migrants are immigrants, coming from indigenous towns in Oaxaca
and southern Mexico where people speak languages like Mixteco and Triqui. While all farm workers in the U.S. are poorly
paid, these new indigenous arrivals are at the bottom. One recent study in California found that
tens of thousands of indigenous farm workers received less than minimum
wage.
In 2013 Ventura and other angry workers formed an
independent union, Familias Unidas por la Justicia-Families United for Justice.
In fitful negotiations with the company, they discovered that Sakuma Farms had
been certified to bring in 160 H-2A guest workers. The H2A program was established in 1986 to
allow U.S. agricultural employers to hire workers in other countries, and bring
them to the U.S. In this program, the
company first must certify that it has tried to hire workers locally. If it can't find workers at the wage set by
the state employment department, and the department agrees that the company has
offered the jobs, the grower can then hire workers outside the country.
The U.S. government provides visas that allow them to
work only for this employer, and only for a set period of time, less than a
year. Afterwards, they must return to
their home country. If they're fired or
lose their job before the contract is over, they must leave right away. Growers must apply for the program each
year. On hearing about the application,
the striking workers felt that the company was trying to find a new workforce
to replace them.
When the company was questioned about why it needed guest
workers, it said it couldn't find enough workers to pick its berries. But the
farm was also unwilling to raise wages to attract more pickers. "If we
[do], it unscales it for the other farmers," said owner Ryan Sakuma in an
interview. "We're just robbing from the total [number of workers
available]. And we couldn't attract them without raising the price hugely to
price other growers out. That would just create a price war." He pegged his
farm's wages to the H-2A program: "Everyone at the company will get the
H-2A wage for this work."
"The H-2A program limits what's possible for all
workers," says Rosalinda Guillén, director of Community2Community, an
organization that helped the strikers. Community2Community, based in
Bellingham, advocates for farm worker rights, especially those of women, in a
sustainable food system. The following year Sakuma Farms applied for H-2A work
visas for 438 workers, saying that the strikers weren't available to work because
they had all been fired. Under worker and community pressure, Sakuma withdrew
the application when it seemed probable that the U.S. Department of Labor
(USDoL) would not approve it. Sakuma has still not recognized the union, and
many workers feel their jobs are still in danger.
A decade ago there were hardly any H-2A workers in
Washington State. In 2013, the USDoL certified applications for 6,251 workers,
a number that had doubled just since 2011.
The irony is that one group of immigrant workers, recruited as guest
workers, is being pitted against another group-the migrants who have been
coming to work at the company for many years.
As she sat in her home in Madera, Calif., Rosario Ventura
described the personal history that led her to migrate yearly from California
to Washington, and then become a striker.
ROSARIO VENTURA, IN HER OWN WORDS
I came from Oaxaca in 2001, from San Martín Itunyoso. It
is a Triqui town, and that's what I grew up speaking. My mother and father were
farmers, and worked on the land that belongs to the town. It was just enough to
grow what we ate, but sometimes there was nothing to eat, and no money to buy
food.
There wasn't much work in Oaxaca, so my parents would go
to Sinaloa [in northern Mexico]. I began to go with them when I was young, I
don't remember how old I was. It costs a lot of money to go to school and my
parents had no way to get it. In Mexico you have to buy a uniform for every
grade. You have to buy the pencils, notebooks, things the children need. My
brothers went to school, though. I was the only one that didn't go, because I
was a girl.
When I told my dad I wanted to come to the U.S. he tried
to convince me not to leave. When you leave, it is forever-that is what he
said, because we never return. You won't even call, he said. And it did turn
out that way. Now I don't talk with him because I know if I do, it will bring
him sadness. He'll ask, when are you coming back? What can I say?
I would like to return to live with him, since he is
alone. But I can't get the money to go back. There is no money, there is
nothing to eat, in San Martín Itunyoso. I thought that I would save up
something here and return. But it is hard here too. It's the same situation
here in the U.S. We work to try to get ahead, but we never do. We're always
earning just enough to buy food and pay rent. Everything gets used up.
It is easy to leave the U.S., but difficult to come back
and cross the border. When I came, it cost two thousand dollars to cross,
walking day and night in Arizona. We had to carry our own water and food. Out
there in the desert it is life and death if you do not have any. It took a week
and a half of pure walking. We would rest a couple of hours and get up to walk
again.
Those who bring children suffer the most because they
have to carry water and food for them, and sometimes carry the children
themselves. Thank God we all crossed and were OK. But now that I'm here I'm
always afraid because I don't have papers. I can never relax or be at ease.
When I crossed the border I came alone, and then found my
brothers, who were already here in Madera. They took me to Washington State to
work at Sakuma Farms. I met Isidro when I was working, and we got married in
2003. He speaks Mixteco and I speak Triqui, but that did not matter to us. In
those times I hardly spoke Spanish, but now I know a little more.
When I came here, they were pruning the plants. That is
very hard work because you get cut and the branches hit your face. When I was
in Oaxaca, thinking of coming, I was expecting a different type of work. But
this is all there is. People who know how to read and write or have papers can
get easier jobs. The rest of us work in the fields.
At Sakuma Farms the company was always hard on us. They
would tell us, "you came to pick, and you have to make weight." If
you don't make weight they won't let you work for a few days. If you still
can't make weight, they pull you out of the field and fire you. But when you're
working, and you take what you've picked to be weighed, they always cheat you
of two or three pounds.
I've always lived in the labor camp during the picking
season. We decided to continue living in Madera, and never moved to Washington
permanently. When it gets really hot in the San Joaquin Valley in the summer we
go to Washington, where it's cooler. Then when it gets cold there and the work
runs out, we come back to Madera. We go every season.
When we go to Washington we have to rent someplace in
Madera to store our belongings, like our clothes. Then when we return we have
to search for a new home again. It is a hassle. This year we left the house
where we'd been living with my brother instead, because he didn't go to
Washington. We all live here-Isidro, my four children, my brothers and sisters,
and their children. The family pays two thousand a month for the whole house,
and Isidro and I pay three hundred as our share.
When we're in Washington we have to save for the winter
season, because there's no work until April. I don't work in Madera because I
can't find childcare. The trip to Washington is expensive-about 250 dollars in
gas and food. If we don't have enough money, we have to ask for a loan. That's
what we normally do, since by then we've used up what we saved from the
previous year. There is a food bank in Washington, which helps when we get
there.
With the strikes last year in Washington we were out of
work for almost two months. We didn't save anything, so it was very hard for us
afterwards. We didn't have enough to pay the bills, and we couldn't find work.
The strikes started when the company fired Federico [a
coworker]. We wanted Sakuma to raise the [piece rate] price, and the company
refused. They told us if we want to work, work. Then they accused Federico of
starting a protest. They went to his cabin, to kick him out of the camp. That's
when we stopped work, to get his job back.
We were also upset about the conditions in the labor
camp. The mattress they gave us was torn and dirty, and the wire was coming out
and poked us. We're accustomed to sleeping with the children, but the bed was
so small we couldn't even fit on it. There were cockroaches and rats. The roof
leaked when it rained. They just put bags in the holes and it still leaked. All
my children's clothes were wet.
They told us they would change things, and the county
inspector would come check the cabin. But the company man in charge of the camp
told me: "If the inspector comes, don't show him your bed. Don't say
anything or you will have a lot of problems." So when the inspector came
the company man followed him and didn't let me say anything.
They always try to make us afraid to speak up. If you ask
for another five cents they fire you. They threatened to remove us from the
camp because of the strikes, and said they'd fire us. They are always
threatening us. They fired Ramón also [the leader of the strike and union]
because he talked back to them. But thank God he had the courage to talk.
I think there will be strikes again this coming year, if
the company doesn't come to its senses, and as long as we have support. We
can't leave things like this. There is too much abuse. We are making them rich
and making ourselves poor. It's not fair. I think these things can change if we
all keep at it. We won't let them keep on going like this. We have to change
them. It is important that they raise wages, treat us right, and help the
farmworkers. All the mistreatment, threats, everything-it isn't fair.
I want to work, to have money, to be in a better place. I
want a little house and to stay in one place with my kids. That's all I'm
hoping for. I'd like to see my children reach high school and maybe college. If
they don't, I want to go back to Mexico, if I can save money. My kids can go to
school there too. I want them to continue studying. I don't want my children to
work for Sakuma.
IMAGES OF THE STRIKE
Photos by David Bacon
Women and children sit in the labor camp, and refuse to
go into the fields and start picking during the strike. One woman nurses her
baby.
During the strike the strikers posted guards at the
entrances to the labor camp. At one entrance they also put a blanket with an
image of the Virgin of Guadalupe, the Catholic protector of the poor.
To the barricades! Strikers put up a barrier on the road
into the labor camp.
Who checks the weights? Rosalinda Guillén talks with
three young women, who demanded that the company allow them to do the work of
weighing and checking the berries picked by workers. Before the strike this
work was mostly done by white people, not indigenous Mexicans, and workers
often accused the checkers of cheating them on the weight.
Ramon Torres reports to the strikers in a meeting in the
camp, at a moment when it seemed the company really intended to negotiate over
their demands. A few days later, however, he was fired.
A boy catches the infectious enthusiasm of the adults
during a strike meeting in the camp.
A boy on the bridge at the camp gate.
Back to work, for now. The strike actually consisted of a
number of separate work stoppages, and each time, when it seemed like the
company would resolve the main complaints, workers would return to the fields
to pick. On this morning, strikers walk into a blueberry field at sunrise,
ready to start work.
The next generation. On the fence at the gate into the
labor camp, the children of some of the strikers do what they've seen their
parents and friends doing. They grab a sign, stand on the fence, and begin to
chant and shout, ¿Qué queremos?¡Justicia! ¿Cuándo? ¡Ahora!
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