HARD WINTER FOR CALIFORNIA FARM WORKERS
Photoessay by David Bacon
San Joaquin Valley, CA, December 2014
New America Media
In October in California's farm worker towns, the
unemployment rate starts to rise as the harvests end. In Coachella, not far from the wealth of Palm
Springs, one of every eight workers has no job.
In Delano, where the United Farm Workers was born in the grape strike 50
years ago, it's one of every four, as it is in other small towns of the
southern San Joaquin Valley. On the
coast in Santa Maria and Lompoc the rate is 13.8 and 15.5% respectively. In the Imperial Valley, next to the Mexican
border, the unemployment rate is over 26% in Brawley and Calexico.
This is a reality invisible to the state's urban
dwellers. Los Angeles has a high
unemployment rate for a city, but it is still less than rural towns at 8.7%, or
one of every twelve workers. And in San
Francisco and Berkeley the percent unemployed is 4.3 and 5.9 -- less than a
quarter of the rate in Delano.
Then the winter really hits. By February one of every three workers in
Delano and Arvin is unemployed. In
Salinas it goes from October's one in ten to February's one in five. Coachella is one in every six. And in Brawley, Calexico, Lompoc and Santa
Maria unemployment just never goes down.
Winter is the hard time, when the money made in the
summer and fall has to keep the rent paid and kids fed while nothing is coming
in. With immigration papers workers can get a little unemployment insurance
benefit, but with no papers workers can't collect it -- in fact, any benefit
that requires a Social Security number is out of reach. Everyone in this season can use a little
work, but for undocumented people especially, even a few days of work make a
lot of difference.
Much of the work in the winter is cleanup. With the onset of the drought in California
one farmer in a watermelon field near Merced began using drip irrigation to cut
down on his water consumption. In the winter, therefore, the plastic tubes that
carry water to the plants have to be collected so that leftover fruit and vines
can be plowed under, and the field made ready for planting again in the spring. The tubes are only good for one season. After they're collected a recycler is paid to
dispose of them.
Drip irrigation is an important technique for organic
growers because it waters only the plants growing fruit, helping to keep out
weeds without using herbicides. This
kind of irrigation also decreases the vulnerability of the watermelon plants to
diseases that can occur with the older system of overhead sprinklers.
Organic or not, few growers and contractors here supply
any protective equipment for field cleaners.
Workers purchase their own cotton gloves to keep their hands from
getting scratched and infected, but the thin cloth doesn't keep out water. The field is full of mud, and workers buy big
black garbage bags, tearing holes for their head and arms. That's some protection, but water still seeps
in quickly through sleeves and pants. No
one knows what chemicals might have been used here, or what's in the water that
soaks their clothes after a few hours.
Most of the workers in this field come from Sinaloa. Twenty years ago they might have gone home
during the off-season, where the cost of living in their hometowns of Guasave
or Los Mochis is a lot lower. They might
have spent the holidays with their families, and returned when the work starts
up again in the spring. Not any more,
though. Going home is too expensive for
workers at minimum wage, regardless of their immigration status. And those with no papers are held virtual
prisoner in the U.S. by the combination of economics and immigration policy.
Taking inflation into account, wages have been falling in
California fields for two decades. Today
a bus ticket home, or gas for the car, costs at least a week and a half of full
time work at the minimum wage of $9 an hour.
For those who don't have papers, going home is virtually impossible.?
Just the cost of a coyote to take a returning worker through the desert and
across the border is at least $2000. At
$9/hour that's more than a solid month of full time work.
And many people don't make it. The cemetery in Holtville in the Imperial
Valley holds the remains of hundreds who die on the border journey every year,
many of whom are found in the desert with no identification, and buried with no
name.
So in the west San Joaquin Valley town of Gustine, the
trailer parks are full in the winter.
The town is evenly divided between residents descended from the
Portuguese immigrants who arrived two or three generations ago, and more recent
arrivals, mostly from Moyahua in Zacatecas, even further from California than
Sinaloa.?
Some people get jobs pruning grapevines and cleaning
almond orchards, two of the few relatively dependable sources of winter
work. But unemployment hits hard here
too. The town was once a center of the
dairy industry, supplying milk and cheese to nearby cities. The dairy industry has grown elsewhere in the
San Joaquin Valley, but Gustine's cheese plants closed one after another over
the last two decades. Its original
cheese factory, the New Era Creamery, was built in 1907 when the railroad line
was extended down the valley's west side.? New Era closed in 2005, just short
of a century in operation. Last year
what remained of the structure burned down, leaving residents with even fewer
alternatives to labor in the fields.
In the winter, even that labor is hard to find.
MERCED, CA --
Bonifacio Villegas, an immigrant farm worker from Guasave, Sinaloa, cleans
watermelons from a field after harvest. Villegas is a photographer who worked
in Merced before he lost his camera, and went back to the fields to earn enough
to get another.
MERCED, CA --
Vidal Cota is an immigrant farm worker from Los Mochis, Sinaloa. He cleans the plastic tubes used for drip
irrigation from a watermelon field, after the melons have been harvested.
MADERA, CA -- A crew of farm workers clean almonds from
trees in a field near Madera. The crew
is made up of immigrants from Oaxaca, Mexico.
They have to knock the old almonds off the branches, because they'll
become infected with worms if left on the trees. Enrique Zavala breaks open an
almond to show how it can become infected.
MADERA, CA -- A crew of farm workers from Oaxaca prunes
the vines that grow grapes for raisins, in a field near Madera.
MADERA, CA -- Juan Florencio Martinez Alvarado lives in
Madera, and gets a few weeks of work in the winter in a crew of farm workers
pruning vines that grow grapes for raisins.
During the summer he goes north to Oregon and Washington, when the heat
in the San Joaquin Valley rises to over 100 degrees. In the winter, though, it can get so cold he
says his hands get numb.
MERCED, CA -- Francisco Acosta, an immigrant farm worker
from Guasave, Sinaloa, cleans the plastic tubes used for drip irrigation.
GUSTINE, CA -- A trailer home of immigrant Mexican farm
workers in Gustine, a poor town on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley.
GUSTINE, CA -- The abandoned New Era Creamery cheese
factory in Gustine, which closed in 2005 and burned down in 2014.
GUSTINE, CA -- Little casitas, or cabins, in the farm
worker trailer park.
GUSTINE, CA -- In front of this trailer home a Mexican
family has planted a pomegranate tree, which bears its fruit as the winter
starts.
