AN INTENTIONAL HOMELESS COMMUNITY
By David Bacon
East Bay Express, 2/10/16
The camp outside the Berkeley Post Office, originally
established to protest the sale of the Main Post Office building.
Michael Lee started living on the streets of San
Francisco last May. He had traveled to the city from Las Vegas to seek medical
treatment. When he arrived, he searched for cheap, temporary housing in some of
San Francisco's most affordable neighborhoods, but he had seriously
underestimated the cost of living in the nation's most expensive city.
"I was under the impression the rent was $300 a
month, and I brought the resources for sixty days," he said in an
interview. "I was going to go back to Las Vegas afterwards and go back to
work. But the first place I walked into, they told me it was $300 a week. The
next was $400 a week, and then $500. People were laughing at me - $300 a week
is actually cheap on Skid Row. So I wound up living on the streets."
Lee soon heard of a large encampment in Berkeley that
homeless activists had set up to protest the US Postal Service's plan to sell
Berkeley's historic downtown post office building. So he moved across the bay
and quickly became a leader of the Berkeley camp. He advocated for a plan to
transform the old post office building into a community resource: "A
homeless contact center run by homeless people," he said.
"Why [were] homeless people the main
defenders?" Lee asked rhetorically, referring to the post office. "Without community resources we can't
get a hand up. There's just no place to go. This is where we live,
unfortunately - on the sidewalks. We don't want to live in a community where
private developers, the One Percenters, have everything.
Michael Lee is an activist among homeless people in
Berkeley, and a leader of the camp outside the Berkeley Post Office.
"We're not going to be homeless forever," Lee
continued. "Eventually, we will recover from homelessness because we're
pretty determined individuals. That's something that people with houses truly
need to understand. We are going to be rejoining the community."
After a federal judge granted the City of Berkeley a
temporary restraining order against the US Postal Service's planned sale of the
downtown post office, the USPS announced that it was shelving its plans to sell
the building. Several months later, some of the people in the post office camp
set up a larger homeless encampment, which became known as "Liberty
City" or "Liberty Village." They set this camp up a block away,
on the lawn in front of Old City Hall, to protest a new city council plan to
establish stricter rules targeting homeless people. During the holidays,
Berkeley cleared out Liberty City, and the homeless people who had been part of
it scattered to other spots in the city and to locations throughout the Bay
Area. The post office camp, now more
than four hundred days old, still remains.
Over the years, Berkeley, like most liberal communities, has
been comfortable with the idea of the homeless being victims. But many Berkeley
residents and business owners grow uneasy when homeless people organize and use
the creative tactics of the labor and civil rights movements.
Last year, Berkeley's homeless people did just that. They
created what they called, "intentional communities," or
"occupations," like Liberty City and the post office camp, not just
as a protest tactic, but also as places where they could gain more control over
their lives and implement their own ideas for dealing with homelessness.
Dmitri is a homeless man, living in the Berkeley Post
Office Camp.
Many drew on previous experience in other movements. " A lot of us are older activists,"
Lee explained. "Our ideas come out
of the 1960s and even before, from the 1930s.
Homeless people have always formed communities, whether we were
considered hoboes or homeless people or just bums. Hobo jungles were
intentional communities too, based on an unconscious understanding of the need
for mutual aid and voluntary cooperation.
"People police themselves," he added, in an
interview while Liberty City was still operating. "I see people out there
in the middle of the night with flashlights picking up trash. I see them chase
off anti-social elements. If you want to talk about the solution to
homelessness, all you have to do is walk down to Berkeley City Hall, and the
post office. Is it a perfect solution? No. Housing is the permanent solution to
homelessness. But this is a helluva good start."
City Councilmember Jesse Arreguin, who is running for
mayor this year, said that he thinks the residents of Liberty City did a good
job of keeping it safe and well-run. "Liberty City shows that homeless
people can create a community," he said. But he cautioned that such
communities can't "be completely removed from the city. There should be an
ongoing city presence, that might include homeless outreach staff, mental
health workers, or others."
Nearly everyone agrees that the answer to homelessness is
permanent housing. But the state and federal governments do not provide the
funding needed to build permanent housing for homeless people. In fact, over
the decades, national policies have eliminated housing for poor people and cost
hundreds of thousands of jobs (see sidebar, "Where Is Homelessness Coming
From?," page XX).
Michelle Lot is a homeless woman, living in the Berkeley
Post Office Camp.
Local governments provide homeless shelters and services,
but they are unable to meet the needs of the huge number of people living on
the streets because of a lack of money. Berkeley alone has 1,200 homeless
residents, according to city officials. Further, many homeless people don't
like shelters because they can't bring their pets, or because most shelters require
you to be inside by a certain hour in the evening and to leave during the day.
As a result, some cities, including Portland and Seattle,
have approved the creation of tent cities as an alternative form of temporary
housing for homeless people. And Berkeley's experience with Liberty City
revealed that a tent city has the potential to work in the East Bay as well.
But while Berkeley views itself as progressive community,
it remains to be seen whether the city would ever approve a tent city plan.
After all, the council voted on December 1 to greenlight the city's crackdown
on the homeless.
****
Liberty City, the camp outside the old Berkeley City
Hall, called by the residents an occupation.
It was a protest against the Berkeley City Council passing an
anti-homeless ordinance.
Mike Zint has been homeless since 2000. For many years,
he lived out of his car, moving from town to town. He said that during the
Occupy movement several years ago, he was in San Francisco when "police
sent me to Occupy, thinking that I must be a drug addict. But they made a big
mistake, because I began organizing."
Zint said that after San Francisco police
"crushed" the Occupy encampment, he and other homeless activists
staged a series of protests, including one during the America's Cup yacht race.
Then they set up an "Occupy Staples" protest in San Francisco to
demonstrate against Staples' decision to open postal kiosks, which activists
viewed as a further "privatization of the post office," he said.
Zint said that, over the years, San Francisco has
hardened its stance against marginalized people, like the homeless. Politicians
"pass laws to get the homeless out of sight of the businesses, so shoppers
don't see them," he said. "San Francisco has an image as a world class
city, but there are no bathrooms. There are no shower facilities. They say
there are only a few thousand homeless when there are twice as many. With the
shuffle going on they just move them. One day this street looks good because
they've cleared people out, and then they get rid of them somewhere else."
Mike Zint is a leader of the homeless protestors in the
Berkeley Post Office Camp and at Liberty City, and a veteran of Occupy San
Francisco.
Eventually, Zint and other demonstrators moved the San Francisco
demonstration in front of Staples to the store in Berkeley. Then, "last year, we learned the post
office was going to sell the main building downtown. So we removed everything
from Staples, and took the corner of the post office instead," he said.
"We put the occupation right there.
"Over the last year, we've been organizing the
homeless into an actual movement," he continued. Our intention has always
been to occupy a much larger piece of property, and get one of the Bay Area
cities to allow homeless people to take care of themselves. Berkeley, because
of its reputation, is a good place to do this. People here are genuine and
care. The university and high school students are incredible. The teachers are
very good. It's night and day, compared to San Francisco."
At first, fighting the Postal Service brought homeless
people together with city authorities in a loose-knit coalition in Berkeley
that included Mayor Tom Bates, Councilmember Linda Maio, and local legal and
political activists. While rallies and court actions sought to block the sale
of the post office building, the encampment on the post office steps became a
constant presence and visible evidence of resistance.
A young woman in the Liberty City Camp outside the old
Berkeley City Hall.
Within the encampment, homeless people developed their
own community. They organized themselves and worked together. They made
decisions collectively. And they developed their own ideas about what causes
homelessness, and devised short-term and long-term solutions to it.
Last fall, while Liberty City was still operating,
Michael Lee said, "People in the community came out and looked at us, and
maybe at first they thought, 'Look at the poor homeless people.' But now we're
creating the new world in the shell of the old. What we're doing in terms of
mutual aid and cooperation can be applied anywhere. They're going to have to
finally see that organizing is the solution to homelessness."
Paul Kealoha Blake, who is director of the East Bay Media
Center on Addison Street and a business owner sympathetic to the homeless, said
residents of Liberty City maintained order in their camp. "I think that
Liberty Village and its organizers did an excellent job of setting standards of
no drugs and alcohol," he said.
Muzik and Kevin set up a new tent in the Liberty City
Camp.
But the coalition of homeless activists and city
politicians didn't last beyond the post office battle. Several months after the
Postal Service announced that it no longer planned to sell the building, Bates
and Maio brought the homeless-crackdown ordinance, sought by the Downtown
Business Association, before the council. The new ordinance prohibits people
from lying in planter beds, tying possessions to poles or trees or keeping them
within two feet of a tree well or planter, taking up more than two square feet
of space with belongings, and keeping a shopping cart in one place for more
than an hour during the day. It also further penalizes urinating and defecating
in public, which are already against the law.
Both Blake and Arreguin, who voted against the new
ordinance, believe that homelessness has become an overly polarized issue in
Berkeley, rather than one in which different parts of the community find common
ground. "The business community would like to see people not camping out
in doorways," Arreguin noted. "Business people want a long-term
solution. Homeless people did a good job on changing perceptions of
homelessness at Liberty City. They set ground rules and enforced them. They had
a process for that, where everybody participated in the meetings."
Before Berkeley cleared out Liberty City, Zint said that
that he and other homeless activists were attempting to develop "an actual
city through a bunch of homeless people coming together. We have a community
here. And if we can pull it off properly here, we can use this as a model to be
done all over. They'll begin listening to our message, and that is that we
should be able to take care of ourselves."
****
Dallas lived in the Liberty City Camp.
Berkeley is not the only community where homeless people
have proposed running their own encampments. A homeless protest and occupation
in Portland last year evolved into Dignity Village, which now exists with the
city's approval. Portland, in fact, is debating the creation of new, similar
encampments.
The Seattle City Council has already approved three new
tent cities, each housing one hundred residents, although they will be run by
service providers, rather than the homeless themselves. They're estimated to cost $200,000 per year
in trash collection and portable toilets, but that cost is less than a
traditional shelter. In Honolulu, which has also passed multiple ordinances
cracking down on sitting and sleeping in public, Mayor Kirk Caldwell has set up
a new homeless camp that is made up of shipping containers.
Berkeley also had an earlier experience with a homeless
camp, called Rainbow Village, in what is now Cesar Chavez Park at the marina.
Mostly, it consisted of an area where people could park and live in their cars.
After an incident in which someone was killed, however, the city closed it
down.
"Reptile" lived in the Liberty City Camp and
fixed bicycles and scooters.
"But I do not believe that the Rainbow Village
should be evaluated solely on that tragedy," Blake cautioned. "A
close and collaborative relationship between homeless leadership and the City
of Berkeley can work and was in fact working at Liberty City."
One big question is where such a camp could be located in
Berkeley. Rainbow Village was far from transit and services needed by homeless
people. Arreguin said, however, that when Liberty City was operating in
downtown, his office got complaints from neighbors living near the old City
Hall. "The camp had a spillover of people who were attracted to it and who
engaged in inappropriate behavior," he said. "Not everyone respects
our laws, and the perception of homeless people is often based on those
examples. But we need to be sensitive to the concerns of neighbors."
For their part, however, most homeless people in Berkeley
complain that they are demonized, and they established Liberty City partly in
response. Many homeless people are also veterans, and have to reconcile the
irony of having fought in the country's military, only to later find themselves
social outcasts in a nation they had defended.
James Kelly lived with his wife in the Liberty City Camp.
"I spent ten years in the Navy upholding the
Constitution, from 1979 to 1989," said James Kelly, a former resident of
Liberty City. "I believe a person should not have to worry day-to-day
where they're going to lay their head or get their next meal. That should just
be a given."
Andre Cameron, another Liberty City resident, said his
experience in Berkeley at the encampment was dramatically different from the
time he spent in Los Angeles, the last city he lived in. "In LA, they
don't have anything like this. They have Skid Row," he said. "A huge
amount of people live on the street in downtown LA. There's no help for them.
Here, there's a community. I feel the love here. I feel that here in Berkeley
there's at least some hope. There are people here that care. If I had to choose
to be homeless anyplace in the world, it would be here in Berkeley.
"It's embarrassing, if you've never been
homeless," he continued. "People in LA look at homeless people like a
plague. Here, there's more of an acceptance of this subculture of homeless
people. I think it's a tribute in some small cultural way to the community as a
whole. I've never gotten that sense
anywhere else."
Andre Cameron lived in the Liberty City Camp, and slept
in front of the doors. The Old Berkeley
City Hall is named after the late Maudelle Shirek, the most progressive council
member in the city's history, who would have taken the side of the homeless
people.
Ultimately, Arreguin said, the city needs to hear from
the homeless themselves and treat them as normal members of the body politic.
"When the city passed a law last year that criminalizes homelessness,
there was no conversation about what the homeless need, and the city didn't
have any input from them. But it can be done," he said. "We do have a
crisis, and all options should be on the table. Berkeley should consider a
temporary encampment until we have more permanent housing. People need a place
to go."
Cameron added, "They should have a place, a park,
some sort of a space where people can set up tents, and live peacefully, with
porta potties and showers and trash pickup, and that's organized. We need a place for people to be human - eat,
sleep, utilize restrooms. That need doesn't stop because of a law."
And, warns Lee, "Homeless people can vote."
After Liberty City was dismantled, Dallas lived in a camp
set up under tarps at the other end of the steps in front of the Post
Office. On Sunday the police came and
took down those tarps and told the people there they'd have to move once again.
